Discipline and Improve Students Behaviour in Classroom Education Essay Example for Free

Train and Improve Students Behavior in Classroom Education Essay The issue of how best to train and improve students’ conduct in study hall is of changeless intrigue. This survey is situated to looking through changed procedures concerning students’ conduct in study halls, teachers’ discipline techniques and social administration. Various perspectives and various models for fitting conduct have been talked about alluding to the point. The sources inspected present various arrangements. This paper analyzes likewise the study hall condition and its connection to effective conduct execution. The primary passages give various definitions familiar with conduct and order as indicated by the authors’ see. The continuation of the writing survey is introduced by various methodologies and techniques concerning a decent social administration. This elaboration sets out a portion of the contentions and proposals which are talked about in more detail. Charles C. M. presents a few definitions comparing to conduct: Behavior alludes to everything that individuals do. Misconduct is conduct that isn't suitable to the setting or circumstance in which it happens. Discipline†¦ are methodologies, strategies, and structures that instructors use to help a positive learning condition. Conduct the executives is a science that puts a highlight on what educators need to do to forestall rowdiness (Charles 1). Students’ conduct relies upon a few factors, for example, customs, segment settings, financial assets, family, encounters, and that's just the beginning. A few creators have made significant commitments in overseeing study hall discipline related the twentieth century. Jacob Kounin (1971), one of them, reports that fitting understudy conduct can be kept up through study hall association, exercise the board, and way to deal with singular understudies. Rudolf Dreikurs (1972) then again underlines the craving to have a place as an essential need of understudies in school. He recognizes sorts of mischief and gives thoughts regarding how to cause understudies to feel a piece of the class or gathering (p. 63). William Glasser (1986) shows another view, presenting a defense that the conduct of another person can't be controlled. He figures that everyone can just control his own conduct. Actually I bolster this thought we should control ourselves. As indicated by the assessment of different creators, Linda Albert’s, Barbara Coloroso’s, Nelson and Lott’s a decent order in the homeroom can be accomplished through Belonging, Cooperation, and Self-Control. A comparable thought of homeroom the board is additionally introduced by Rackel C. F who proclaims that the educators, thought of it as was important, â€Å"to create students’ feeling of having a place with the school† (p. 1071) The creator bolsters the assessment of the essentialness of a decent school atmosphere and tells that it may be precondition for encouraging positive youth advancement (Rackel C. F 1071). So as to accomplish a decent study hall environment there is a need of developing positive connection among understudies and educators, inspiration the students’ interest and clear standards to control homeroom discipline (Rackel C. F 1072). What's more these previously mentioned perspectives can be characterized as an uplifting standpoint as respects to improving the homeroom the executives. Another perspective inside the subject of overseeing discipline is through dynamic understudy contribution and through down to business Classroom the executives (Charles, C. M. 2007, p. 7). Order through raising understudy obligation is additionally emphatically situated methodology for homeroom the executives. The three rules that improve conduct introduced in the article â€Å"Self-evaluation of understanding† are energy, decision, and reflection (Charles, C. M. 12). There the creator clarifies the standards meaning. He expresses that being sure methods being a helper. Whenever understudies have chance to share their decisions they can introduce themselves with a decent conduct. â€Å"Asking understudies addresses that urge them to think about their conduct can assist them with changing behaviour† (Charles 14). Rebecca Giallo and Emma Little (2003, p. 22) from RMIT University Australia give their remarks likewise on study hall conduct the executives. They guarantee that certainty is one of the most significant trademark that impact teachers’ adequacy in study hall the board. Giallo and Little (2003, 22) in light of the past proclamation of Evans Tribble acknowledge that less certain educators appear to be increasingly helpless against upsetting study halls. They keep up the hypothesis that the study hall stress is an explanation behind surrendering a teacher’s vocation. In school the pressure can be defeated through including of extreme measures concerning dealing with a decent order. One of the most mainstream system for taking care of conduct issues is discipline. By reason of the notoriety of the subject in the field of instruction, numerous specialists have composed articles and books just as given talks on order and discipline. Anne Catey dependent on Dreikur’s words thinks about that there is no need of utilizing discipline in class. In light of Catey’s words kids need to get an opportunity they can share their thoughts in the class (1). This is the most ideal approach to â€Å"smooth, gainful working in schools† (Charles, C. M, 1999). Anne Catey from Cumberland High School gets a meeting from a few instructors in Illinois region about their control rehearses. She acknowledges the recommendation given by Lawrence as referencing that, â€Å"very viable method is a short gathering, either in the corridor or after class, with the getting into mischief student† (Punishment, 1). Anne Catey has her own procedures for homeroom the executives. She can't help contradicting Lawrence seeing about silliness as one of the awful techniques for powerful order and accepts that utilizing of amusingness can be viable whenever managed without humbling the understudies (Punishment, 1). Thusly she gives every one a touch of individual consideration. At the point when a portion of her understudies are somewhat diverted on one undertaking, conversing with companions as opposed to perusing Catey says, â€Å"Since I generally expect the best of my understudies, I accept the clamor I hear is understudies perusing resoundingly or talking about their books. Be that as it may, it’s time to peruse quietly now as opposed to perusing aloud† (Punishment, 1). This sounds as a decent procedure yet actually I disavow this proposal. This doesn’t work constantly. I am attempting to be severe with my understudies and as per this the students need to watch the guidelines in my classes. That doesn’t imply that I concede the extreme discipline yet seldom the harsh alerts. I concur with the accompanying strategies utilized by Anne Catey (2001) to adjust conduct including giving â€Å"zeroes for inadequate, wrong, as well as missing work and taking focuses off toward the finish of a quarter for absence of support and additionally poor listening†. True to form, these techniques are compelling for a portion of the students however not for the others. Identified with the previously mentioned theme it could be seen a portion of the study hall discipline techniques used in Australia, China and Israel. Based on expounded research in these nations a few therapists and school directors (Xing Qui, Shlomo Romi, 2005) reason that Chinese instructors show up less correctional and forceful than do those in Israel or Australia. Australian homerooms are introduced as having least conversation and acknowledgment and most discipline. In Australia (Lewis, 2005) as worried to the investigation the instructors are described by two unmistakable control styles. The first of these is called â€Å"Coercive† discipline and involves discipline and animosity (hollering out of resentment, mockery bunch disciplines, tc). The subsequent style, containing conversation, clues, acknowledgment, inclusion and Punishment, is called â€Å"Relationship based discipline† (Lewis 7). Coercive control as indicated by the previously mentioned creators implies the teacher’s conduct is, for example, â€Å"shouting constantly, unjustifiably accusing understudies, singling out children, and being impolite, to animate understudy opposition and ensuing misbehaviour† (Lewis, Ramon 2). The significance of study hall discipline emerges not just from students’ conduct and learning as illustrated previously. It relies likewise upon the job of the educator. Now and then clearly educators are not have the option to oversee students’ homeroom control and it can bring about pressure. So,â€Å"classroom discipline is a union of instructor stress† (Lewis 3). Chan (1998), gives an account of the stressors of more than 400 instructors in Hong Kong, claims that understudy conduct the executives rates as the second most critical factor focusing on educators. In the article Teachers’ Classroom discipline a few procedures have been introduced for improving study hall the executives. They are Punishing (move students’ seats, confinement), Rewarding (rewards, acclaims), Involvement in dynamic (chooses with the class what ought to befall understudies who get out of hand), Hinting, Discussion and Aggression. Another technique for improving control in class is leading polls between the understudies. It is a fitting methodology for characterizing students’ feeling about conduct issues. In every Chinese and Israeli school an irregular example of classes at all year levels have been chosen. As an exploration associate regulated surveys to these classes their instructors finished their polls (Yakov J. Katz 7). In contrast with the entirety of the referenced nations the model in China is somewhat unique in that understudies bolster utilization of all methodologies aside from Aggression and Punishment. In light of the led research the main technique to go inside a nation by multiple positions is Punishment, which positions as the most widely recognized system in Australia, and the fourth and f

New Perspectives on Computer Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

New Perspectives on Computer Concepts - Essay Example All the exercises that are occurring in the diverse useful offices are working in an incorporated mode with the usage of the Enterprise Resource Planning programming. The practical divisions in the business are the records and account office and the human asset the board office (Parsons, 100). The business can utilize the advantages of ERP to maintain their business in a proficient and compelling way. The arranging of item types, the buying of crude materials, the stock control procedure, and capacity of the item in the stockroom and afterward the conveyance parts of the item alongside the way toward following the requests would all be able to be taken care of by this one programming of Enterprise Resource Planning. ERP can be considered as back-end programming for organizations. ERP takes the request from the client and afterward through the way structured in the product, the request is turned out to be through the diverse practical offices. The client administrations delegate has all the data promptly accessible when the client id is embedded in the ERP programming. Inside a matter of snaps, data about the client opens up for finishing the request structures. All the data accessible on the ERP programming is accessible for everybody. Any kind of update in the data can be seen effectively by the entire association and furthermore have the entrance to refresh at their end as well. The executives in the business associations is one of the most significant elements of business and it should be completed in the most specific manner conceivable so everything turns out to be in a deliberate mode. The ERP programming has made it workable for organizations to oversee and incorporate their data in an orderly manner and furthermore guarantees that all the exercises occurring in the practical divisions are effectively refreshed with the most recent data.

Marks and Spencers Competitive Advantage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Imprints and Spencers Competitive Advantage - Essay Example This paper delineates that vital administration is identified with the unpredictability which emerges from equivocal just as non-routine conditions association wide. It is a significant administration strategy for the supervisors to control the accessible assets of the business association on an everyday reason for the advancement of the organization. Since key administration is identified with the troublesome and complex issues of a business association viable; accordingly these issues likewise incorporate business choices and decisions. These choices and decisions depend on the conceptualization of complex issues. The business-level procedure of the organization is a significant issue of key administration for any association which encourages the organization to obtain the more noteworthy upper hand in the market. The business-level procedures contain two sets. The principal set of system is identified with the ‘bases of serious strategy’. This arrangement of systems i ncluded serious business techniques identified with costs of merchandise and enterprises, item and quality separation and half and half and core interest. The second arrangement of techniques incorporates business procedures which are identified with the point of the business association to accomplish upper hand. These procedures incorporate supportability methodologies, hypercompetitive techniques, and cooperation systems. Serious technique is viewed as the most significant component which is applied by business associations to obtain the more noteworthy upper hand in the market. This procedure incorporates estimating systems, separation techniques and so on to accomplish the ideal objective. These techniques influence the inclination and decision examples of clients and accordingly help the specialty unit to arrive at its ideal goal of higher upper hand. Upper hand is procured by specialty units through successful separation of items dependent on legitimate natural and cultural co nditions and exhibitions.

The Battle Over Best Argumentative Essay Topics .0 and How to Win It

The Battle Over Best Argumentative Essay Topics .0 and How to Win It Best Argumentative Essay Topics.0 for Dummies Because you have to establish your position on the subject at the end, you might not have adequate information or evidence to strengthen your stand if you don't choose or generate your argumentative essay topic wisely. The student has to inquire into the topic thoroughly so he or she is able to collect evidence. Though the topic can enable you to debate from a side that you don't believe in, it should allow you to depict confidence in your arguments. Basically, your topic should raise divided opinions so that it is easy to argue 1 viewpoint. Becoming in a position to compose a strong argument can help you succeed in society. The second thing admission ought to take care of essay you choose the title is to maintain in mind five forms of argument claims. When you're interested in the topic that you pick or generate, even the audience will discover that it is interesting since you will present your arguments in a passionate method. Topic for men to start. Things You Should Know About Best Argumentative Essay Topics.0 Choosing our service, you will understand that studying can be simple if you gain from the help of capable experts. Over time, the business has been producing a wide selection of merchandise on the grounds of the dynamic needs of consumers. Since you are able to see, students are certain to face a number of challenges should they need to turn into a member of the buy essay club. As a consequence, such students start looking for the best essay help to be certain that their project is going to be produced a t the maximal level in agreement with all academic standards. Best Argumentative Essay Topics.0 - What Is It? With a wide selection of sports events, there are a good deal of relevant topics to discuss. Each topic is likely to have lots of matters that will want to go split into classes. A wide topic will require that you compose a good deal. In general, there are several similar topics which are extremely interesting to make people. Facts, Fiction and Best Argumentative Essay Topics.0 Strong curiosity concerning the topic is critical. If you cannot find credible sources for the subject, you may have to change it or re-adjust its focus. Choosing argumentative essay topics has lots of tact. At times you might require some expert help with argumentative essay topics. Instead, you can prevent the topic. If you still hesitate and don't understand what topic to select, make a list. Deciding students your topic isn't that easy. It should be divisive. The Tried and True Method for Best Argumentative Essay Topics.0 in Step by Step Detail Argument Essay WriterPlease select the most suitable sort of paper needed. Hamlet, examples to select. In your paper, you need to do the subsequent. PaperCoach can assist you with all your papers, so take a look at the moment! You receive a preview of someone's own essay and get to create corrections if needed. An incredible academic essay starts with an idea together with an outline. Since you might already be aware, composing an academic paper is a difficult job. In addition, studying such debates will supply you with open sources that you are able to use as the references of your essay. Some students might find it tough to compose an essay since they have not done it before or since they aren't aware with a specific structure. The writers ought to be professionally qualified to be in a position to not just compose a fantastic definition essay paper but in addition structure and format it appropriately. Writing an essay is an intriguing job for students that have a passion for writing. Be a very simple task by means of your essay which airs. Browsing our essay writing samples can provide you a very best argumentative essay topics idea whether the standard of our essays is the quality you are searching for. Necessary in monroe isn't demonstrate an original topic or speech topics. It's not essential that you own awareness on all topics. To begin with, you must participate in critical reading and critical writing. Make sure that you recognize the assignment. Writing is a really grueling undertaking for most students. Thus, for your convenience, you have a superb chance to monitor the advancement of the assigned writer and make sure an essay will be ready in a timely method. There's, obviously, a limit on the variety of pages even our finest writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but generally, we can satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job samples in case they're highly graded. There are various sources that address topics which other scholars have argued about before. You'll discover a variety of kinds of essays, therefore it's rather easy to shed your eye on your entire writing assignments.

Huckleberry Finn ( Huck Finn ) - Racism Essay - 572 Words

Huck Finn Racism Is Huck Finn A Racist Book? Ever since its publication over a hundred years ago, controversy has swarmed around one of Mark Twain’s most popular novels, Huck Finn. Even then, many educators supported its dismissal from school libraries. For post Civil-War Americans, the argument stemmed from Twain’s use of spelling errors, poor grammar, and curse words. In the politically correct 1990’s however, the point of argument has now shifted to one of the major themes of the book: Racism. John Wallace once said of the book, â€Å"It’s the most grotesque version of racist trash† ever written. Were Twain’s archetypal characters and use of vernacular language an assertion of his own racist views, or a critique of the injustice of†¦show more content†¦Huck Finn is not racist: It is a profound social statement on the inhumanity of slavery and of every individual’s born right to freedom. In chapter 32, Aunt Sally and Huck discuss a steamboat explosion: â€Å"Good Gracious! Anyone hurt?† asks Aunt Sally. â€Å" No’m. Killed a nigger.† â€Å" Well it’s lucky; because sometimes people do get hurt.† This passage highlights Twain’s use of satire. On the surface, it could easily be interpreted as dehumanizing and bigoted, but Twain only uses it to reveal the cold truths of white attitudes in the 1800’s. It also presents the fact that Aunt Polly, one of the simplest and gentlest characters in the book, does not think twice about the violent death of a black person. While disguised as racism, Twain cleverly breaks down white-black relations to the inanities of prejudice. Less subtle are Huck’s observations of Jim as their relationship progresses. Jim at first is nothing but a source of amusement for Huck, but Huck slowly discovers the real person inside. In Chapter 23, Huck states, â€Å"†¦I do believe that he cared just as much for his people as white folks does for ther’n.† Later, Huck goes even further to say, â€Å"I knowed Jim was really white inside.† From Huck, this naà ¯ve statement was the highest compliment he could have given Jim, and reiterates the idea that a black man can have true emotions and real feelings, something that was not commonly believed at theShow MoreRelatedThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesJhonatan Zambrano Mrs. Patmor AP Lit-Period 5 28 September 2016 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 1835 Mark Twain embodies realism in almost every aspect of his writing not excluding The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which in he portrays such a lifelike setting that it almost gives you this sense of reality through the point of view of a young man that has an urge for freedom yet struggles to conform to society s norms due to his adolescence. Twain s ability to unmask the true identities of theRead MoreCommentary on Mark Twain ´s Huckleberry Finn742 Words   |  3 PagesTwain; Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.† Mark Twain’s historical fiction, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, is about a boy, Huckleberry, and a runaway slave, Jim. Huck decides to fake his death and runaway. Eventually, Jim and Huck run into each other and together they travel down the Mississippi River. They encounter many obstacles in their way, but overcome anything that comes their way. Although this book has been rejected by many schools, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is essential to the highRea d MoreShould the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Be Required in Shcool?983 Words   |  4 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn be required in school? Mark Twain’s â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† is said to be one of the greatest American novels to ever be written and is what all other pieces of American literature are based off of. The novel has been debated for over an entire century and will continue to be debated for much longer. Never the less, Huckleberry Finn teaches young students and adults the important life lessons. †The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain shouldRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn And Its Characterization951 Words   |  4 PagesEng. Hon. 2nd 3 March 2016 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and its Characterization In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, there is a large use of characterization to develop the characters and is influenced by the time period. Mark Twain was born in 1835, and lived to see the Civil War start. This is a big influence on his writing, because his two most famous works, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. They both take place in the time before theRead MoreRacism of Yesterday and Today Essay1655 Words   |  7 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was written by Mark Twain in the middle of the nineteenth century. Much of the inspiration for the book came from Mark Twain’s own encounters. Twain’s experiences as a steamboat pilot from 1835 to 1845 provided a great deal of the historical context for his work. The novel revolves around a southern boy, Huck, and a slave named Jim who both reject society by running away in hopes of finding freedom. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn highlights and portrays theRead MoreEssay about Huckleberry Finn is Not a Racist Work1519 Words   |  7 PagesHuckleberry Finn is Not a Racist Work â€Å"All modern literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn,† this is what fellow writer had to say about this classic novel. Still, this novel has been the object of controversy since it was published more than 150 years ago. Some people argue that Huckleberry Finn is a racist work, and that the novel has no place in a highschool classroom. This feeling is generated because a main character in the story, Jim, and other slavesRead More Prejudice and Racism in Huckleberry Finn Essay1265 Words   |  6 PagesHuckleberry Finn: The Immorality of Racism A majority of people in American society believe that school systems must teach children that racism is morally wrong. Often, however, tension has builds over how to teach this important lesson. Unfortunately, a controversy has built over the teaching of Huckleberry Finn. Although some believe that Mark Twains novel perpetuates racist feelings, in fact Twain uses the characters to demonstrate the immorality of slavery. Miss Watson and PapRead More The Importance of Friendship in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn829 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Friendship in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Aristotle was once asked what he thought friendship was. His response was, One soul inhabiting two bodies. This was the kind of relationship that Huckleberry Finn and Jim shared in Mark Twains epic novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. This novel is a tool that Mark Twain, whose real name was Samuel Langhorne Clemmons, was using to impress the great benefits of friendship upon society. However, others feelRead MoreHuckleberry Finn and the use of Satire Essay1109 Words   |  5 Pages Huck Finn and the use of Satire Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has been controversial ever since its release in 1884. It has been called everything from the root of modern American literature to a piece of racist trash. Many scholars have argued about Huck Finn being prejudiced. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain uses satire to mock many different aspects of the modern world. Despite the fact that many critics have accused Mark Twain’s novel of promoting racismRead MoreMark Twain : Seeing America s Flaws1593 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst line in Mark Twain’s controversial book, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Samuel L. Clemens, as a young boy, grew up on the Mississippi and learned the ways of southern society. Clemens grew up to travel the world and write many successful and failed novels, along with many other types of literature. Receiving his education on the Mississippi, Mark Twain wrote The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn which p ointed out the flaws of America and became masterpieces

Essay on Smoking In Public Places Should Be Banned

Smoking In Public Places Should Be Banned There should be rules enforced for smoking in public places. Smokers just do not know the negative influence they are spreading. A puff of cigarette can harm a smokers health. When I go to a restaurant I do not like to leave smelling like smoke. It is the same going to a garbage dump, and smelling like garbage. I am not a smoker, and I cannot stand having the stench of smoke on my clothes. The smell of smoke is not harmful, but secondhand smoke is. Smokers should not be able to smoke in the public vicinity. Smokers are spreading harmful chemicals into my lungs. Smokers should respect a non-smokers health. The risk of cigarette smoke is deadly to an human beings lungs. For a smoker to be†¦show more content†¦Those who tried their first cigarette did so under the influence. If the smokers were not around the public smoking, I believe we would see less people try their first cigarette. Someone who tried their first cigarette did so because they felt pressured when around all th e smokers. Smoking is addictive and smokers cannot go within an hour of not smoking a cigarette. If smokers did not have an area where they could smoke then less people would smoke, and influence another individual to smoke also. The effects of a smoker can damage someone’s health, habit, and life. The average person consumes smoke without even taking a puff of the cigarette. There are many risks when people smoke in front of a non-smoker’s face such as liver disease, cancer, and a bad colon. An average person breathes in smoke unconsciously, and secondhand smoke has become a major issue in America. Being in the presence of non-smoker can he harmful, and some people do not even realize it. Although some people are comfortable with a smoker blowing smoke in their face, what they do not realize is the consequence of their health. Smokers should be aware of how they affecting a person’s lungs. In conclusion, smokers should not smoke in public, or around non-smokers . Smokers do not care about the smoke that comes from their cigarette is affecting another life. Just because you are in a non-smoking section, it doesShow MoreRelatedShould Smoking Be Banned Public Places?941 Words   |  4 Pagesindividuals get older they try to cope with the stresses of everyday life by continuing to smoking. It makes them feel more relaxed and at ease. Whatever the reason is, it is a hard habit to break once one starts. For many smokers today it is getting hard to find a place to smoke. Comedians joke about going to another planet just to light up. Smoking should be banned in public places because smoking is just as bad for nonsmokers as it is for smokers. The effects of secondhand smoke orRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned Public Places?864 Words   |  4 PagesSmoking is one of the practices which is considered highly dangerous to our health because it impacts the smoker and the people around them. There are approximately one billion smokers. Smoking is a big issue that the nonsmoker faces. For example, when the smokers smoke in public places like restaurants, universities and other public places it hurts the non-smoker. The non-smoker breathing the cigarette, marijuana or hookah smoke from the smoker do both of them are breathing toxic chemicals. In aRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned Public Places?950 Words   |  4 Pagesday I walk in to public place with a friend right away we sat down to eat, we were having a conversation later we smell cigarette smoke in the air. I start coughing from the smell of smoke. I also notice a lot of customers who like eating dinner at a public place smoking cigarette. Smoking is a big health p roblem I feel it is not fair to take away cigarette for people who smoke in American who desire smoke cigarette. Even thought the same as the concession is able to be taking place on this topicRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned Public Places?885 Words   |  4 Pagesday I walk into public place with a friend right away we sat down to eat, we were having a conversation later we smell cigarette smoke in the air. I start coughing from the smell of smoke. I also notice a lot of customers who like eating dinner at a public place smoking cigarette. Smoking is a big health problem I feel it is not fair to take away cigarette for people who smoke in American who desire smoke cigarette. Even thought the same as the concession is able to be taking place on this topicRead MoreSmoking in Public Places Should Be Banned Essay474 Words   |  2 PagesSmoking in Public Places Should Be Banned I feel very strongly that smoking in public places should be banned. I will list my reasons for my thinking below and explain why I think this. I cannot stand walking down a street behind someone who is smoking. Every time they exhale I then have to walk into a cloud of their smoke. My clothes smell, because they have been saturated with the smoke, it gets into my hair too. It also affects my health. It was found that sevenRead MoreSmoking Should be Banned in Public Places Essays1464 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the past few decades it has come to light that smoking kills. The federal government mandates that every pack of cigarettes carry a warning on it that smoking can lead to health problems including death. But the messages are rather clinical, for example: â€Å"Smoking Causes Lung Cancer, Heart Disease, Emphysema, and May Complicate Pregnancy.† Smoking is a danger to one’s own health but there is now evidence that smoking can affect others as well. Second hand smoke has been shown to cause cancerRead MoreEssay Smoking Should NOT Be Banned in Public Places730 Words   |  3 PagesSmoking Should Not Be Banned in Restaurants      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the perfect situation, smoking policy would be set by bar or restaurant owners, and customers would patronize the establishments with the policy they prefer. Customers would decide-without the governments help-if they want to avoid smoke-filled rooms or enter them. They might even choose to sit in an area sectioned off for smokers or non-smokers, but the ultimate issue is choice (Ruwart 1). When the government starts telling restaurantRead MoreEssay about Smoking In Public Places Should be Banned766 Words   |  4 Pages Do you mind people smoking around you in public places? According to the pro-smoking group Air Initiative 7 in 10 of you do. Do you think it is fair to discriminate against smokers, forcing them to stand outside and smoke? On the other hand is it fair that non-smokers should have to inhale second hand smoke which can dame their health? (Do you support this ban or do you oppose it?) Personally I oppose it as I believe that non-smokers shouldn†™t be subjected to a smoky environment on a night out.Read MoreNationwide Smoking Ban: Smoking Should be Banned in All Public Places899 Words   |  4 Pagesthe public about its dangers in 1972 (Schick Glantz, 2005). Do people knowingly have the right to put others’ health at risk? No, they do not. Exposure to cigarette smoke is a public health risk. Therefore, smoking should be banned in all public places, nationwide. There has been no attempt to impose a national smoking ban by the U.S. government. All current bans are in place because of state and local legislation. Americans for Nonsmokers’ Rights lists the various state and local smoking lawsRead MoreEssay about Smoking Should be Banned in All Public Places1133 Words   |  5 PagesSmoking Should be Banned in All Public Places Every year thousands of people die because of having cancer or other tobacco related illnesses due to smoking. Smoking is seen everywhere from our own television screens to even the world wide web; the internet. Tobacco is the substance that is in these cigarettes. These tobacco products are promoted through tobacco ads that are found almost everywhere you turn. They are in magazines, television screens, on the internet

Evidence, First Movement Words and Things Essay Example For Students

Evidence, First Movement: Words and Things Essay The perfect photoplay leaves no doubts, offers no explanations, starts nothing it cannot fi nish. — Henry Albert Phillips, The Photodrama (1914) The technical structure of the archiving archive also determines the structure of the archivable content even in its very coming into existence and in its relationship to the future. The archivization produces as much as it rec ords the event. — Jacques Derrida, Archive Fever (1998) In the beginning there is a word. That word is â€Å"Hà ¤xan.† Benjamin Christensen’s biblical echo is intentional. From the fi rst frame of Hà ¤xan, Christensen is seeking to dismantle the conventional cinematic image. This is an image of a word. In light of what is to follow, the formal conventions of the silent fi lm by defi nition destabilize any easy relation to the object â€Å"Hà ¤xan†; it exists multiply. Already reaching into his source material, Christensen borrows Italian inquisitor Zacharia Visconti’s categories of language to show us how the word relates to meaning, expressed in the distance between the thing and the thing signifi ed. Visconti designated this â€Å"the language of the voice,† the language proper to humans. Yet, in a silent fi lm there is no obvious voice. Certainly, a printed word occupies the domain of language for Visconti, but for this to be formally consistent the word requires the syntax that would allow the reader to insert her inner voice, the memory of a voice, in order to make this so. â€Å"Hà ¤xan† appears to lack this syntactic force at this opening instant to be properly a statement. â€Å"Hà ¤xan†Ã¢â‚¬â€ the witch— appears to be an impossible object. In Visconti’s schema, this word also appears to speak â€Å"the language of the mind.† This is a language the inquisitor reserves for angels, a language resulting in nonstatements. From the very beginning, there is no claim made about the witch—no question is asked. The witch is simply announced. In an instant, â€Å"Hà ¤xan†Ã¢â‚¬â€ the witch—is there and this is all. â€Å"Hà ¤xan† is si mul ta neously a word, an image, and a thing. Benjamin Christensen mak es every effort to craft a witch that is real to us. It is a grand ambition. Playing with the ontological fl uidity of a cinematic image, the director expresses himself through an image- world that seems entirely of his own creation. â€Å"Hà ¤xan† in the opening moment of the fi lm is a monad, containing the totality of this world in its most basic ele ment. Not just a word, the Word. Visconti reserved this language, â€Å"the language of things† to God alone; yet for scientists and fi lmmakers, it is the language of things that holds the greatest appeal. To the World a Witch Christensen’s fi rst task is to open the world of the witch to the fi lm’s audience. He does this by immediately following the word with a preposition, albeit still denying us the calming language of voice that is proper to us. This preposition, denoting both agency and possession, comes in the form of a face. His face. The commanding, scowling face of the director stares out at the camera. Christensen’s fi lm will make full use of this art of metoposcopy. Dating back to Girolamo Cardano and the Re nais sance, metoposcopy defi ned the operation of reason as the weaving together of images in the mind. In turn, the expression of reasoning was to be found on the face (a protocinematic theory of the relation between image and thought if ever there was one).2 Christensen’s face is one of many revealed; these faces—of the old woman, of the ecstatic nun, of the novice sorceress— will be offered as primary evidence of the power of the witch and the l ogic of demonological thinking. It is telling that Christensen’s face is the fi rst shown, not in order to place his seal of authorship, but as a way to assert to his audience that it is his argument that resides in the foreground. This is no ordinary fi lm. It is not merely entertainment. Hà ¤xan is a thesis.After this dramatic beginning, Christensen provides some immediate reprieve through a scarcely noticeable addendum to the opening title card: â€Å"A pre sen ta tion from a cultural and historical point of view in seven chapters of moving pictures.† Claiming a reassuring authority, Christensen now signals that he intends to enlighten us in the manner of a professor giving a lecture. The technology of the motion picture is not simply a medium here; in the ser vice of Christensen’s thesis, it is a precise, deliberate method. The title cards that follow identify the director, the cinematographer, and turn the audience’s attention toward the list of sou rces for the fi lm distributed as part of the original program (which has been reproduced in the back matter of this volume). Like any respectable scholar, Christensen indexes himself through his sources. Yet his mode of citation is unambiguously rooted in the formal elements of cinema and the image rather than texts, and is ultimately put to different uses from that of the historian or human scientist; this difference will constitute the focus of our own analy sis in this chapter, as we move through his textual materials and the production of his images shot by shot. In short, Christensen makes sure the audience knows that it took three years to research and produce his visual thesis. As with the word and the face, this is stated abruptly for the benefi t of context. More title cards follow, fi lled with an authoritarian, fi rst- person tenor. Lacking any established provenance for a voice- of- God tone that would only later become standard in the Griersonian documentary mode of the 1930s, Christensen takes it upon himself to invent this voice. The common suggestion that Luis Buà ±uel fi rst generated thi s instrumentally impersonal tenor in Land without Bread (Tierra Sin Pan, 1933) is off by a full de cade, ignoring the fact that silent fi lms were anything but silent.3 The director begins in this voice by establishing the witch as a chapter within a much longer constellation of practices, discourses, traditions, and institutions. This is empirically correct, as scholars from Gaston Maspero to Stuart Clark have emphasized in their own studies of the witch.4 Among many others, Richard Kieckhefer has demonstrated how the long history of practical natu ral magic was enfolded into the specifi city of Eu ro pean witchcraft in the late Middle Ages.5 These fi ndings have only taken root in the historical debates on witchcraft since the 1970s, which Christensen anticipates by some fi fty years. It is at this point in Hà ¤xan that Christensen gives us an image of the witch. It is a well- known woodcut that fi rst appeared in Ulrich Molitor’s Von den Unholden oder Hexen (1489), at the dawn of the witch hysteria in Eu rope, depicting two women feeding a boiling cauldron. Many of the ste reo typical visual characteristics of the witch are not yet established: the age of the women is diffi cult to determine and they are far from the withered old crones we see later in Albrecht Dà ¼rer and Hans Baldung Grien.6 Yet they are unmistakably witches. Their boiling brew evaporates into the air, appearing to cause a storm. Drawing on a trope that wo uld instantly signify â€Å"the witch† from Shakespeare’s Macbeth to the pre sent, Christensen introduces the viewer to the subjects of his fi lm via a classic example of the malefi cium that people greatly feared from witches in the early modern period. Christensen carefully limits what we can see of this image, narrowing the visible edges of the shot into a severe vertical line bisecting the screen. The shot is abrupt, barely onscreen for a few seconds before the intertitles return. Our focus is taken to the statement that primitive men â€Å"always† confront the inexplicable with tales of sorcery and evil spirits. This is obvious hyperbole, but not entirely out of step with the evolving scientifi c explanations of the time regarding the origins of human society. Echoing E. B. Tylor’s argument that civilization always begins with the imaginative, superstitious responses of humans to a world they do not yet understand, Christensen then shifts to consider the power of belief.7 Hà ¤xan at this stage appears to be aspiring to Max Mà ¼ller’s dream of presenting an objective, empirical â€Å"science of religion.† 8 Interestingly, the next image takes us to â€Å"imaginary creatures† thought to cause disease and pestilence in ancient Persia. A row of six human– animal hybrids confronts the viewer. Christensen immediately divulges his sources for this claim, citing Rawlinson9 and Maspero10 as authorities that trace the Eu ro p ean belief in witches back to antiquity. Several shots of monstrous hybrid demons, drawn from Maspero, follow. Christensen is operating in a fi rmly rationalist mode here, linking these monsters to â€Å"naà ¯ve notions about the mystery of the universe† held by ancient people. A re- creation of Egyptian astrological notions of the nature of the world immediately follows. This is the fi rst explicit set to appear in Hà ¤xan, depicting (according to Maspero’s information, the intertitle asserts) a world of high mountains, stars dangling from ropes, and a sky supported by strong pillars. A nameless assistant out of frame helpfully draws the viewer’s attention to the im por tant details. As with any Universalist approach, Christensen traverses time quickly in the pre sen ta tion of his thesis. No sooner have we glimpsed this scale model of the Egyptian cosmos than we are catapulted into the folklore of early modern Eu rope. Perhaps the singular feature of the witch craze in Eu rope is bluntly stated when Christensen informs us that the generalized evil spirits of ancient times are transformed into dev ils by the fourteenth century. Cutting from one to another, four iconic images of dev ils par tic u lar to the period fl ash across the screen, the fi lm stock tinted an ominous, rusty red to heighten the effect. These dev ils lived at the earth’s core, Christensen tells us, with the earth believed to be a stationary sphere in space surrounded by layers of air and fi re. Beyond the fi re lay moving celestial bodies, ceaselessly rotating around the earth with the fi xed stars far above and, â€Å"in the tenth crystal sphere,† sits the Almighty and His angel s, keeping the whole celestial system in motion. Intercut title cards offer explanation before Christensen helpfully reveals a working model of this cosmology, in this case drawn from Hartmann Schedel’s Liber Chronicarum,11 slowly pulling back the iris to reveal the medieval universe that he is has described. This moving repre sen ta tion of a terra- centered universe resembles the elaborate wonders found in Baroque wunderkammer meticulously assembled by the German elite at the time. It is an effective use of parallel editing to bring this lecture, delivered in text, to life in a visual manner. Albrecht Durer Quotes EssayWhen documentary was not yet documentary (but then fi ction wasn’t fi ction yet either), when the medium was mute and each fi lm ran only a minute or two, moving pictures hardly amounted to more than a miscellany of visual tidbits, which made no demands on literacy and thus spread easily and rapidly far and wide. The world on the screen exerted a magical attraction but remained anecdotal and predominantly iconic. In terms of public discourse, it was practically inarticulate, other than to reinforce already ste reo typical images or create some new ones; in short, intensely fascinating but apparently ill- adapted to serving intelligent purposes. It is not as though scientists, journalists, and others devoted to making nature speak did not give fi lmmaking a try. In the waning years of the nineteenth century, anthropologists such as Alfred Cort Haddon, Walter Baldwin Spencer, and Frank Gillen were already using the new technology to fashion, with mixed success, proto- ethnographic fi lms. Charles Urban founded the Unseen World series in 1903, merging the technologies of the microscope and the cinematograph to attempt to unlock the secrets of nature at its most minuscule level. Films such as Attack on a China Mission Station (1900), Hunting Big Game in Africa (1907), and With Captain Scott, R.N., to the South Pole (1912) sought to bring the immediacy of news headlines to life onscreen. State- sponsored war propaganda generated during the First World War, including The Battle of the Somme (1916) and With Our Heroes at the Somme (Bei unseren Helden an der Somme, 1917) mutated the desire to see far- off contemporary events throug h visual meaning- making machines that demanded not only attention but belief. The fact that these fi lms nearly always made this demand by staging, as real, reenactments of purportedly real events only added to the early suspicion of cinema’s ability to convey unvarnished, objective facts.31 Even for fi lms not surreptitiously staged, the reliance on actualities of iconic clichà ©s, giving the viewer what they largely expected to see, proved to be a serious prob lem for those who wished to convey the complexity and depth of the world and of nature.32 The issue, widely discussed well before John Grierson’s proclamation of the â€Å"documentary value† of Robert Flaherty’s Moana in 1926, concerns the relation between a fragmentary visual artifact drawn â€Å"from life† and the truth value of any such fragments. Ultimately, this issue hinges on mimesis. What sorts of fi lmmaking practices can felicitously mimic life as such? Grierson’s own elaboration of documentary recognizes this in asserting that the fi lmmaking form is the â€Å"creative treatment of actuality.† Grierson was not the fi rst to conceptualize the matter in this way, as Brian Winston shows that the Polish writer Boleslaw Matuszewski stated the issue in these same terms as early as 1898.33 Crucially, mimesis was not only permissible for writers such as Matuszewski and early documentarians such as Edward Curtis; it was indispensible in the creation of valuable documentary works. Thus, a fi lm such as Curtis’s In the Land of the War Canoes (a.k.a. In the Land of the Headhunters, 1914) adhered to prevailing standards of expressing the real not despite its status as a reenactment but because of it. The truth of Kwakiutl (Kwagu’ł) life is evident through the spirit of Curtis’s expert cinematic expression of what that life is, just as the reality of war was only truly evident to viewers through gaining a sense of the fi ghting as re- created in other wise opposing accounts of the truth in the British and German Somme fi lms.34 Later accounts by fi lm historians positing â€Å"fact† and â€Å"fi ction† as oppositional binaries arising out of the earliest approaches to fi lmmaking were further exemplifi ed by pitting the â€Å"realist† Lumià ¨re against the â€Å"fanciful† Mà ©lià ¨s within a crypto- structuralist origin myth that falsely represented what â€Å"documentary† meant to pre- Griersonian fi lmmakers.35 The â€Å"ahuman† witness of the camera is not enough, as this merely produces a blind sight that cannot, on its own, educate, enlighten, or even fully rec ord the real in any ideal manner. This is not the fi rst time that the gap between witnessing and the real has erupted in Eu ro pean history. As Hà ¤xan demonstrates, the question of evidence occupied inquisitors and theologians long before the invention of cinema. Playing on the fact that, while the traces serving as evidence are quite different, a larger ontological issue binds them across the cent uries, Christensen takes the unique tack of assuming the role of the art historian in this opening section of the fi lm. This is a risky strategy, particularly given the static nature of the materials on display, but it does allow Christensen to shift the locus of the empirical to the materiality of images accepted as historical. Taking up this position in the opening chapter of Hà ¤xan also allows Christensen to have it both ways, in that he can si mul ta neously confront the viewer directly in the manner of an earlier cinema of attractions while also preparing viewers for the â€Å"diegetic absorption† that was coming to dominate the grammar of cinema in the 1920s.36 Given the impossibility of fi lming witches several centuries â€Å" after the fact,† Hà ¤xan creates pre sent- day empirical images from artifacts of the time. Yet this analytic position does not guarantee that the images will be â€Å"brought to life† in any way. To the contrary, the vivisection of the historical image would tend to produce the same outcome that any vivisection would: death or deformity. Thus the risk, quite evident throughout the fi rst chapter of the fi lm, is that the presumed pastness of these images, their â€Å"deadness,† will subvert the appearance of life that distinguishes cinema from ot her visual forms such as photography, painting, and printmaking. How well Christensen is able to elide this deadness is open to debate; undeniably, many viewers experience the opening minutes of the fi lm as a plodding exhibition of â€Å"pictures of pictures.† This reaction notwithstanding, the strategy of â€Å"reimaging† is methodological and intentional, an ac know ledg ment on Christensen’s part that for a very long time â€Å"knowledge† in Eu ro pean terms consists fi rst and foremost of â€Å"recitations of the known.†37 While the opening chapter of Hà ¤xan may test the patience of the viewer, the logic of Christensen’s visual strategy in this section becomes clearer as the fi lm progresses. The director is laying a foundation for what comes next, though he is quite sensitive to the fact that a visual thesis demands a different relation to its sources. Thus, the parade of classic visual works in this opening section provides the ground not only for the arrangement of a thesis but also for the creat ion of new images, constituting its own evidence for what is at stake. Christensen accomplishes this by continually triangulating between paintings and woodcuts, photographs, and cinematic dramatization. This movement between formally distinct media at times more fi rmly aligns Christensen with those who affi rm that â€Å"nonfi ction† is a designation determined by techniques of pre sen ta tion rather than simple content, including art historian Aby Warburg, fi lmmaker Chris Marker (particularly in reference to his famous 1962 â€Å"fi lm of photographs,† La Jetà ©e), and the recent photography of Jeff Wall, Cindy Sherman, and Hiroshi Sugimoto, much more than with his own contemporaries in the cinema of the 1920s.38 There are also echoes in Hà ¤xan of the creative displacements effected through Soviet montage and the use of fragments of found footage to assem ble a singular work, with Esfi r Shub’s fi lm The Fall of the Romanov Dynasty (1927) being the most obvious example.39 Hà ¤xan, not having access to archival footage for obvious reasons, nevertheless re- pre sents the documents of the visual archive of the witch in a manner recalling the methods of Shub and other Soviet fi lmmakers such as Dziga Vertov. In formally similar fi lms like Harun Farocki’s As You See (Wie man sieht, 1986) and Images of the World and the Inscription of War (Bilder der Welt und Inschrift des Krieges, 1989), the â€Å"truth† gained by the reproduction of archival images is unlocked only through their mobility in the context of their new use.40 As with Farocki, Christensen does not seek to embellish such visual artifacts in citing them, but rather empties them out, expressing through their pree stablished frame a meaning that was hidden, resisted, or not even in ven ted at the time of their origins. Understood in this way, the disconcerting effect of the opening chapter becomes more plausible, as Hà ¤xan disrupts what the audience can expect from the fi lm. While the medium of expression is undoubtedly modern and allows for these uniquely moving images, the method Christensen deploys helps to cultivate a position that draws authority from an expertise based on the interweaving of the artistic and the scientifi c rather than an ideal â€Å"scientifi c self† premised on the polarization of the two.41