Immunology

entree to IMMUNOLOGY COURSE Subject Agenda* suppositious part (Lecture) 14. 01-18. 03-22. 04. 2013 Practical part (Labwork) occupy Materials Textbook (David Male and Ivan Roitt-2006-DIR Abul Abbas-2007AA), Clips and Internet search emailprotected com. Pass btiu12345 military rating Midterm Exam, Final Exam, Labwork Assignment (Home-work, Topic-oriented-In-class discussion, Readand-Present Practice) Contact me at R501, IU Building or via email emailprotected edu. vn NTTH-HCMIU-IMMUN-2013 Introduction to IMMUNOLOGY- An X soup What is Immunology? What is Immune System (IS)? History of Immunology Cells and alcohol-soluble Mediators of IS= ? Immune Response- Pathogens (Ags) Innate and adaptational Immunity- Collaboration NTTH-HCMIU-IMMUN-2013 Introduction to IMMUNOLOGY What is Immunology? What is Immune System (IS)? Immunology is the study of our protection from foreign macromolecules or invading organisms and our chemical reactions to them. Foreign macromolecule/ Antigen immunizing agent e. g. virus protein, worm, parasite Everything that should not be in my bodyImmune System Molecules, cells, tissues and organs which provide non precise and specific protection against Microorganisms Microbial toxins and Tumor cells Crucial to human survival NTTH-HCMIU-IMMUN-2013 History of Immunology Experiential Immunology period experimental Immunology period Modern Immunology period Immunology act as an independent subject (1970s) NTTH-HCMIU-IMMUN-2013 I. Experiential Immunology period (the seventeenth century- the in-between of 19th century) In ancient times, many serious infection diseases, such as smallpox, set upon and cholera etc, caused innumerable people dead.Plague downcast Death Disease NTTH-HCMIU-IMMUN-2013 Story of Plague port of Weymouth. The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, peaking in Europe between 1348 and 1350, and killing between 75 million and 200 million people Wikipedia Yersinia pestis NTTH-HCM IU-IMMUN-2013 Figure 1. Photomicrographs demonstrating the high bacterial impression of Y pestis in various organs. Top left, A Tissue Gram stain of a lymph lymph node reveals the profusion of neutrophils and large clumps of Gram-negative coccobacilli characteristic of Y pestis (Brown-Hopps, original ? 00). Large clusters of bacteria (arrows) are put together in the alveolar spaces (top right, B), adrenals (bottom left, C), and kidneys (bottom right, D) hematoxylin-eosin, original ? 400. Chmura et al. 2003, CHEST, Painful Lymphadenopathy and Fulminant Sepsis in a Previously Healthy 16-Year-Old girl NTTH-HCMIU-IMMUN-2013 430 B. C Peloponesian War, Thucydides describes plague the ones who had recovered from the disease could nurse the sick without getting the disease a plump for time NTTH-HCMIU-IMMUN-2013 In 1670, Chinese medical practitioners variolationEdward Jennar -An English physician He discovered that cowpox inoculation protected against smallpox in 1796 NTTH-HCMIU-IMMU N-2013 Vaccine- Vaccination Vaccine A preparation of microbial antigen, often combine with adjuvants,that is administered to individuals to induce protective liberty against microbial infections. Vaccination A brokerral term for immunization against morbific diseases,orginally derived from immunization against smallpox which uses the Vaccinia virus. NTTH-HCMIU-IMMUN-2013 NTTH-HCMIU-IMMUN-2013 Why do they not want to play with my kids? NTTH-HCMIU-IMMUN-2013 II.Experimental Immunology period (the middle of 19th century-the middle of 20th century) 1. active voice immunity In the middle of 19th century R. Koch -Isolated and polite bacteria successfully Pasteur -Infectious diseases were caused by pathogens In 1880, Pasteur -Anti-cholera live-attenuated vaccine (old culture of Chicken V. cholera) -Artificial active immunity Robert Koch Active immunity The form of adaptive immunity that is induced by exposure to a foreign antigen and in which the immunized individual plays an active ro le in responding to the antigen. Louis Pasteur(1822-1895) NTTH-HCMIU-IMMUN-2013 . Passive immunity In the late eighties of 19th century Roux and Yersin Diphtheria was caused by exotoxin put forwardd by C. diphtheriae The discovery of diphtheriae antitoxin and bactericindins Antitoxin-Antibody (Ab) Exotoxin-Antigen (Ag) force field on reaction of Ag and Ab in vitro -Serology In 1890,Von Behring and Kitasato -diphtheriae antitoxin was applied in treatment of Diphtheria - Artificial passive immunity Passive immunity The form of immunity to an antigen that is established in one individual by transfer of antibody or lymphocytes from some other individual who is tolerant to that antigen.NTTH-HCMIU-IMMUN-2013 3. Mechanism of protective immunity Cell mediated immunity(CMI) 1883-1884, Metchnikoff Microorganisms were engulfed and destroyed by phagocytic cells humoral immunity(HI) -1897,Ehrlich Ab in serum played important roles in protective immunity some(prenominal) HI and CMI were very important for protective immunity, Ab in serum could promote the phagocytosis of phagocytic cells - 1903, Wright & Douglas 4. Study on immune-pathology & immune disease In 1902, Richet and Portier-Anaphylaxis Pirquet and Shick-Hypersensitivity In 1903,Arthus-Arthus phenomenon In 1906, Pirquet - Allergy In 1907, Donath and Landsteiner -Autoantibody cause autoimmune disease NTTH-HCMIU-IMMUN-2013 5. Study on antigen In the early of 20th century, Landsteiner studied on antigenic clincher (epitope) -ABO blood type 6. Study on immunochemistry In 1938,Tiselius and Kabat -Ab is ? globulin In the fifties of 20th century, porter and Edelmen, -Molecular structure of Ab 4 peptides 7. Study on immune tolerance No positive response to specific Ag In 1945, Oven found natural immune tolerance In 1953, Medawar set up animal model of acquired immune tolerance in newborn period. . Hypothesis for Ab formation Templates cope (1930,Breinl and Haurowitz) Variable folding postulate (1940,Pauling) Natur al selection postulate (1955,Jerne) Clonal selection theory (1959, Burnet)- knockoff a group cells that stem from identical cell NTTH-HCMIU-IMMUN-2013 III. Modern Immunology period (the middle of 20th century-the 21th century) 1. Study on immune system In 1957, Glick Fabricius found out that Chicken without bursa can not produce Ab -B cell In 1961,Good and Miller - Cell mediated immune of new born mice whose genus Thymus were taken away are defective -T cell 2.Study on monoclonal antibody -In 1975, Kohler and Milstein 3. Study on immune genetics -In 1978, genetic control of antibody diversity -Discovery of accurate mechanism of immune response on gene level (MHC, TCR , BCR) 4. Study on molecular mechanism of T/B lymphocyte activation and subscribe transduction 5. Study on effective mechanism of immune cells NTTH-HCMIU-IMMUN-2013 6. Study on clinical immunology Organ transplantation Autoimmune disease Tumor immunology Infectious diseases 7.Study on applied immunology conceptualis ation of monoclonal antibody and genetic design antibody Preparation of recombinant cytokines Study on DNA vaccine Study on treatment with immune cells 8. clean techniques of modern immunology and application Separation of immune cells Protein analysis technique Phage display technique Preparation of new animal model NTTH-HCMIU-IMMUN-2013 NTTH-HCMIU-IMMUN-2013 NTTH-HCMIU-IMMUN-2013 The immune system Immune system Innate (non-specific) immunity adaptational (specific) immunity Anatomic barriers (Skin,mucous membranes) Physological barriers (temperature, pH) Phagocytic Barriers (cells that eat invaders) Inflammatory barriers (redness, swelling, heat and pain) Antigen specificity Diversity Immunological memory self-importance/nonself recognition NTTH-HCMIU-IMMUN-2013 Our immune systems generate an almost infinite variety of cells and substances Foreign Recognition Memory Upon 2 exposure produces enhanced response Effector Response To eliminate or neutralize particle *In some cases, the IR fails to function at other times, the IR can turn on its hostNTTH-HCMIU-IMMUN-2013 Humoral and cellular immunity (antibody mediated or cellular) NTTH-HCMIU-IMMUN-2013 B cells Surface bound antibody Antibody secreting B cell Antigen B-cell Soluble antibodies, circculate in the body NTTH-HCMIU-IMMUN-2013 Antibody secreting B cell B-cell Virus killed NTTH-HCMIU-IMMUN-2013 Discussion Topics 1. Why do warm-blooded, long-lived animals get hold of particularly complex immune defense? p4-DIR 2. Why would removal of Ag lead to the decline in an immune response? p14-DIR And many more to explore in the DIR textbookHome works P18-DIR NTTH-HCMIU-IMMUN-2013 The real ones Crawling Macrophage neutrophile and DCs NTTH-HCMIU-IMMUN-2013 Introduction to IMMUNOLOGY- An X soup What is Immunology? What is Immune System (IS)? History of Immunology Cells and Soluble Mediators of IS= ? Immune Respone- Pathogens (Ags) Innate and Adaptive Immunity- Collaboration Read DIR-page 1-18 NTTH-HCMIU-IMM UN-2013 Once upon a time There was a WARGAMES OF THRONES- MATTER OF LIVE OR DIE HAS IT ALREADY ENDED? NO, IT IS JUST A BEGINNING NTTH-HCMIU-IMMUN-2013

Water Rights in Idaho Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Water Rights in Idaho - Essay ExampleA structure applied to direct the water from its inseparable source, or diversion is usually required to acquire a water even outly. frequent diversion methods include pumps, head gates, pipelines, ditches and dams. The Idaho Water Resource Board is allowed to acquire water rights without diversions, referred to as in-stream arise water rights, typically authorized to protect some public interest in a natural stream or lake, for instance recreation, wildlife or natural beauty. In-stream livestock water right may as well as be acquired for watering livestock directly from the stream (One Plan para3-4).In some supposes, a property owner enjoys the right to practice session reasonably the ground water underneath his/her land or water by nature flowing through, on or along the borders of the land. Idaho law does not acknowledge such rights.Both the reputation and statutes of the State of Idaho assure the right to apportion the public water s of the State of Idaho. Water right is disposed(p) when a private right to the use of public waters is created by appropriation. A water right is a real property right just like property rights in land. The constitution and statutes of the utter of Idaho protect private property rights. The water rights granted to individuals enable them to divert the public waters of the state of Idaho to put them to a beneficial use, in harmony with ones priority date.In property law, a right by which property is owned by one person is subject to a specified use or enjoyment by another. Servitudes allow people to create stable long-term arrangements for a large variety of purposes, including shared land uses, maintaining theacross private lands to usual and accustomed fishing.The constitution describes the beneficial uses as domestic use, stock watering, irrigation, manufacturing, hydropower, mining, municipal use, aquaculture, recreation, fish

International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 5

International selling - Essay ExampleConclusion and findings 10 11. References 11 1. Introduction The marketplaceing concept stipulates that the marketing managers ought to meet, auspicate as well as to satisfy the needs of the customers (Strydom, 2004). Of notable commercial enterprise is the fact that organizations during the contemporary stream operate in global environments and their activities are affected by a wide range of factors. It toilette be noted that there are major environmental influences that affect global and external markets. As such, this paper seeks to evaluate the factors that impact on Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC). This organization belongs to the international card-playing forage category. The paper starts by outlining the historical background of the company and the main part lead discuss respective(a) factors that affect the organization in the environment in which it operates. The paper will also outline several(prenominal) of the strategies that can be implemented in order to improve the effectiveness of the organization. 2. Brief history roughly KFC Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) was founded in 1938 by Colonel Harland Sanders in Kentucky. Sanders legacy lives on with KFC operating more than 13,000 restaurants in more than 80 countries and territories around the world serving up the Colonels Original Recipe, (KFC, 2013). KFC mainly specialises in fried chicken which is quite different from the products that are offered by other competitors in the same industry. The pass of the company developed 11 unique recipes using a variety of seasonings to flavour chicken and this has importantly contributed to the success of the company. The company is very popular in different market environments it operates in across the globe. The products offered good luck charm to the interests of many pack and this has helped the company to create a strong base of loyal customers. 3. Companys rationale behind internationalization KFC is rega rded as one of the first fast food industries to go international during the 1950s. The rationale behind the companys internationalization drive was to attract a substantial itemise of customers so that it can sustain its operations across the globe. The company also sought to establish itself as a force to reckon with in the fast food industry across the globe. The company was mainly interested in developing its brand so that it can attract as many people as possible across the globe. However, KFC has encountered some challenges in its global operations where it can be seen that the fast food industry is comprised of competition. In order to successfully penetrate the global markets, the company ought to design a careful strategy given that the international market is comprised of competition from other rival competitors like McDonalds, Wendys and Burger King. The company also faces challenges in that it lacks expertise in diversifying its products since it mainly concentrate on c hicken. Of notable concern is that fact that the fast food industry is comprised of different segments which include some of the following family restaurants, sandwich chains, pizza pie shops, grill as well as chicken chains among other factors. Research has shown that McDonalds dominates in market segments such as burger while KFC dominates in the chicken segment. As such, an effective marketing strategy will help the company to gain a large market share in its operations. 4. Mode of first appearance in different countries The company used Harland Sanders franchising strategy to expand its operations in the international

Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Economic - Essay ExampleThe following table and chart can champion us get an ideaThe primary(prenominal) engine of increase is the accumulation of human capital and the main source of differences in living standards among nations is the difference in human capital. Physical capital plays an essential solely decidedly subsidiary role (Bardhan and Udry, 2008, p.266). Human capital has several aspects, including education, training and health.Human capital is considered to be a key determination of economic growth. Investment in human capital benefits individuals and society as a whole. Countries with skilled people grew faster. While develop economics have always emphasized the richness of education in the develop process. Better education generates private gains to the individual and public benefits to society. By the working out of knowledge it can enable the people to overcome ignorance and superstitions.Without literacy or, to be more precise, perfect education, economic growt h in any country is impossible. It can become only lopsided and flawed unless corrective reassures are taken. Jobless growth implies situation where the overall economic growth but does not expand competent employment opportunities. Futureless growth implies a situation where growth occurs but its effect is not incontrovertible on future generation and is adverse.According to Mahatma Gandhi, education, which does not teach us to discriminate between approximate or bad, to assimilate the one and eschew the other, is a misnomer (Rao, 1991, p.2). The purpose of literacy and education is not only to realize our children literate and merely develop individual skills but also to make them appropriate human being with positive and integrated elements of their respective societies.Education means drawing out the best of the body, mind and belief in man. He believed learning by doing and was of the opinion that the knowledge through education, subjects

Criminal justice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminal justice - Assignment ExampleIn 1934, the authoritative Court was attached the authority to draft rules of federal official procedures. The Judiciary Act also had a provision for the establishment of traffic circle and districts. The circuit approachs were later abolished in 1911 (Schmalleger, 243). Congress later established a District Court for for each one state that had jurisdiction over maritime and admiralty cases along with minor criminal and civil cases. The president was devoted the power to appoint an Attorney General for each district and for other new states that were to be established.A dual court dust is whereby the judicial system is administratively divided into two systems independent of the legislative assembly and executive. The two systems are the federal court system and the state court system. The reason for this judicial system is that it was expensive and time consuming for federal courts to listen to individual cases that affected only a a cou ple of(prenominal) people. The state courts were created so that these case are heard and judged on quickly and efficiently.The federal and the state court systems are divided into the following layers. Special jurisdiction courts which handle only specific kind of cases care the tax and bankruptcy courts and the family courts. The other layers of the judicial system include the Trial Court, the Appellate Court and the Supreme Court. There exists a number difference between the state court and the federal court systems. one and only(a) is that state courts are established by the state while the federal courts are created by the federal government. On jurisdiction, state courts have a wider jurisdiction over the cases that they could hear, unlike the federal courts which are expressage to specific cases listed in the constitution or provided by Congress. State courts handle criminal cases for crimes committed in spite of appearance the borders of the state while crimes committed a cross state borders are dealt

The poetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The poetry - Essay ExampleHowever, contemporary forms have poetry have managed to kick upstairs over more enthusiasts due to its flexibility. Unlike traditional poetry, contemporary poetry allows the use of free measure and do not emphasize the use of rhymes. Contemporary forms of poetry have also prevailed outside the academician realms due to their provocative nature and their use of more grounded imagery. The fact that these poems are mostly brief, accessible, suggestive, and strongly testify imagery apologizes their preference.The poem Dream Variations has a nostalgic feel. The singer yearns for a life where color discrepancy does not exist. Hughes expresses his liking for a playful and carefree life by talking about his desire to whirl and to dance (Hughes et. al. 3). The end of racial discrimination is symbolized by the end of the white day. However, the poem ends in a pessimistic mood as he talks of Rest at pale eve/ a tall, slim tree/ Night coming tenderly (Hughes et. al. 14-16).The poetry heavily uses symbolism to explain the racial discrimination and freedom without emphasizing rhyme and

Applied Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Applied Research Methods - probe ExampleThis in turn should lead to the development of more efficient and effective business organisation processes and organisational decision making systems. This entire system will enhance an arrangements ability to sensation and respond to changes in its external environment, which will increase its chances of survival in today hostile business environment. Critical Literature Review companionship Management fellowship management is the vehicle by which organization enhance and encourage organizational learning. Knowledge management is a vehicle by which an organization crowd out enhance its ability to learn from its environment and to incorporate knowledge into its business processes (McAdam and Reid, 2001). There are quaternity value-adding steps in the knowledge management value chain, these are as follows (Wong and Aspinwall, 2005) Knowledge Acquisition Organizations stomach acquire knowledge in multiple ways, this depends on the type of knowledge they seek to acquire. Industry libraries interpret of industry related documents, reports, presentations, and best practices. Moreover, employees of the industry are encouraged to add bracing knowledge establish on their experiences. An industry can acquire new knowledge by developing online expert networks this winsome of network facilitates an employee to seek advice from an expert in the company who has the knowledge of the problem area in his or her head. A company operating in a particular industry can create new knowledge by discovering patterns in corporate data or by using knowledge workstations. Knowledge Storage after discovering the fundamental patterns, documents and experts rules there need to be a repository of this industry. This data should be accessible to any new entrant or to any already operating in the industry. Knowledge Dissemination Portals, e-mail, instant messaging and searching technology can bring about the dissemination of craved knowledg e. These technologies in addition to an array of groupware technologies can increase the rate of dissemination of information. Knowledge Application self-contained knowledge that does not get shared and applied to a practical problem faced by a firm operating in a particular industry, than there would no value added in the current business practices of the industry. Thus in this scenario the only plausible outcome of this lackluster attitude of the firms of a particular industry is stagnation and in turn eradication from the industry. Role of Small and metier enterprises in Developing Economies One important aspect of a flourishing economy is its nourishing and germinating vitiated and medium enterprise. The fundamental points that differentiate an SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE from large scale enterprises are uncertainty, innovation and evolution. This sphere of SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE is further classified as micro enterprises, small enterprises, and medium enterprises. These small enterprises create the most fertile ground for the germination of industrial economy. Since this industry plays a vital bureau in the following economic paradigms therefore it is of utmost importance that a country generates and gathers all the pertinent information that will allow the entrepreneurs of the company to nurture this sector income distribution, tax revenue, employment, resource utilization, development of family life and etch. By having a major